An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.[1][2] Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feed stock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products.

The Rijeka Oil Refinery started its operation in 1883 as the largest oil refining plant on the mainland. With an annual refining capacity of 60 thousand tonnes, it remained the largest for approximately next ten years. It was built in the suburban area called Ponsal (today Mlaka), simultaneously with the construction of the Petroleum Harbour. It met one third of the oil products demand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Unlike typical refineries of that time, which operated as manufactories with 10 to 20 workers and without the supervision of an expert, Rijeka started its production with 300 employees and a technical director who was a highly qualified chemist. Thus, it became the first European industrial oil refining plant.

When the City of Rijeka became a part of the territory of the Kingdom of Italy at the end of the First World War, the Refinery acquired a core role in the state oil programme. In 1922 it was known as Raffineria di Olli Minerali S.A., and in 1926 it became the first industrial facility of the Agip Company.

Thus, Rijeka became the “birthplace” of the oil industries of the two European Union members, first Hungary, and then Italy.

At the beginning of the Second World War, its capacity was 120 thousand tonnes. After the war, as a part of the territory of Yugoslavia, first destroyed and then reconstructed, the Refinery became the most important oil processing plant in the country.

In 1965, owing to new process units at Urinj, it had a refining capacity of 8 million tonnes. At that time, the Mlaka plant was specialised in the production of lubricants, while the Urinj plant specialised in the production of fuels. The Refinery had a leading position on the market and in regard to technology in Yugoslavia. During the 1980s, 250 types of oil products were produced in Rijeka and in 1984 the first unleaded petrol in the former state was produced.

The Refinery played an important role in the creation of the Republic of Croatia, as an oil product supplier for Croatia in the 1990s during the Homeland War. At the ceremony organized on February 12, 2011 in Rijeka Refinery, the completion of the investment project of three facilities within Hydrocracking complex: Mild hidrocracking, Hydrogen unit and Desulphurization plant (Claus) as well as numerous supporting facilities and installations were completed.

In February 2014 contract on basic design on Delayed Coking Unit with company Bechtel Hydrocarbon Technical Solutions (BHTS) was signed. This technology has a proven environmental and economic performance on environmentally sensitive locations such as Rijeka. Basic design is a major milestone towards decision on further investments.

Sisak Oil Refinery

Sisak Oil Refinery developed from a Shell storage facility built in 1923 on the spot where the Kupa River joins the Sava River. In 1927, at the same location, Shell built a boiler distillation with a daily refining capacity of 170 tonnes. Feedstock and material were transported by barges along the Sava River and railway tank cars. The refining of domestic oil began in 1940. At the time, 96 thousand tonnes of oil was refined at the refinery and two hundred types of oil products produced.

During the Second World War, the plant was seriously damaged. The production was restored in September 1945 and the pre-war production levels were exceeded as early as 1949.

A new development cycle started with the construction of a modern Combined Process Unit I. It was put into operation in 1956 with a daily capacity of 100 tonnes. Iraqi oil was the dominant feedstock. After the construction of the Stružec-Sisak oil pipeline in 1960, priority was given to oil from oil wells in Slavonia and Moslavina. In 1961, the construction of Combined Process Unit II was initiated. As a result of that, in 1964, the Refinery managed to produce over one million tonnes of oil, becoming the first in the country to do so, and it also initiated production of 98 octane petrol.

Continuous construction of new process units eventually led to a technological peak in the mid-1980s when the refining capacity was 6.7 million tonnes.

During the Homeland War the Refinery was only a few kilometres away from the first line of fire, which unavoidably resulted in the destruction of refinery units. Restoration of the production and new requirements in regard to the quality of products raised a question about a new investment cycle. As a part of refinery system development, in Sisak refinery three plants have been completed: desulphurization plant, the so-called Claus the hydrodesulphurization of FCC gasoline plant and Isomerization plant.

Nigeria
Kaduna Refinery (NNPC), 110,000 bbl/d (17,000 m3/d)
Port Harcourt Refinery (NNPC), 210,000 bbl/d (33,000 m3/d)
Warri Refinery (NNPC), 125,000 bbl/d (19,900 m3/d)

Skikda Refinery (Sonatrach), 356,500 bbl/d (56,680 m3/d)

Adrar Refinery (CNPC, Sonatrach), 12,500 bbl/d (1,990 m3/d)
Alger Refinery (Sonatrach), 55,000 bbl/d (8,700 m3/d)
Arzew Refinery (Sonatrach), 50,000 bbl/d     (7,900 m3/d)Hassi Messaoud Refinery (Sonatrach), 25,000 bbl/d (4,000 m3/d)

Angola[edit]

Cabinda Refinery (Chevron Corporation), 16,000 bbl/d (2,500 m3/d)
Luanda Refinery (Sonangol), 56,000 bbl/d (8,900 m3/d) 

Egypt[edit]

Alexandria Ameriya Refinery (EGPC), 81,000 bbl/d (12,900 m3/d)
Alexandria El Mex Refinery (EGPC), 117,000 bbl/d (18,600 m3/d)
Alexandria MIDOR Refinery (EGPC), 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d)
Asyut Refinery (EGPC), 47,000 bbl/d (7,500 m3/d)
Cairo Mostorod Refinery (EGPC), 142,000 bbl/d (22,600 m3/d)
El Nasr Refinery (EGPC), 132,000 bbl/d (21,000 m3/d)
El Suez Refinery (EGPC), 70,000 bbl/d (11,000 m3/d)
Tanta Refinery (EGPC), 35,000 bbl/d (5,600 m3/d)
Wadi Feran Refinery (EGPC), 8,550 bbl/d (1,359 m3/d)


Template:BASHANDYOIL fossil crude oil refinery of 300,000 barrels per day, located at El Sokna, Suez, over looking the red sea . easy to locate on Google earth ( under construction )


MIB Group for Investment and Industry with a multi-national Oil Company planning to invest in new Oil & Gas Project in MENA territor